THE DEMOGRAHIC STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN SOCIETY - CBSE-SOCIOLOGY-CLASS 12-BOOK 1 - INDIAN SOCIETY

also refer to my you tube channel 

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfwg_an0bP2VkNxyW8VfJ7Q

THE DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN SOCIETY

Demography :

1.      1.  It is the systematic study of population.

2.       2. It is a greek word.

3.       3. Demo in greek means people and graphic means to describe or study.

Need of Demography :

1.       It studies the trends and processes associated with population like

a.       Changes in population size.

b.       Patterns of birth,death,migration

c.        Relative proportion of men ,women and different age groups.etc

Need for Demographic Data :

a.       All demographic studies are based on the process of counting or enumeration eg. census or the survey

b.       It involves systematic collection of data on the people residing within a specified territory.

c.        Demographic data are important for the planning and implementation of state policies, specially those for economic development and general public welfare.

Types of Demography :

There are two types of Demography –

a.       1. Formal Demography

b.       2.  Social Demography

Formal Demography :

1.     1.  It focuses on quantitative field .

2.   2. It is primarily concerned with the measurement and analysis of the components of population change.

3.     3.  It has a highly developed mathematical methodology suitable for forecasting population growth and changes in the composition of population.

Social Demography  ( population studies ):

1.   1. Population studies or social demography deals with wider causes and consequences of population structures and change.

2.    2. Social demographers believe that social processes and structures regulate demographic processes.

3.    3. Like sociologists, they seek to trace the social reasons that account for population trends .

Theories of Population / Demography :

1.       1. Malthusian Theory of Population growth

2.       2. The Theory of Demographic Transistion

Malthuisian Theory of Population Growth :

1.       1. It is the theory of demography by English political economist Thomas Robert Malthus  (1766-1834).

2.       2. According to him human populations tend to grow at a much faster rate than the rate at which the means of human subsistence (specially food, but also clothing and other agriculture-based products) can grow.

3.     3.  This results in poverty because the growth of agricultural production will always be overtaken by population growth.

4.     4.  Population rises in geometric progression (i.e., like 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 etc.), agricultural production grows in arithmetic progression (i.e., like 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc.).

5.       5. So population growth is always more than production of subsistence resources.

6.       6. So to increase prosperity the growth of population needs to be controlled.

7.     7.  But the ability to reduce the growth of population is limited and can be done through ‘preventive checks’ such as postponing marriage or practicing sexual abstinence or celibacy.

8.     8.  According to him so ‘positive checks’ to population growth take place in the form of famines and diseases as this was nature’s way of dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population.

Criticism of Malthus’s theory :

 1.       It was claimed that economic growth could outstrip population growth.

 2.       Birth rates in Europe  had declined, and outbreaks of epidemic diseases were being controlled.

3.       Both food production and standards of living continued to rise inspite of the rapid population growth.

4.       It was  considered that poverty and starvation was not caused by population growth but  by the unequal distribution of economic resources.

5.       An unjust social system allowed a wealthy and privileged minority to live in luxury while the vast majority of the people were forced to live in poverty.

THE THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

1.   1. This is an important theory in Demography.

2.   2. This suggests that population growth is linked to overall levels of economic development.

3.      

3    3. Every society follows a typical pattern of development- related population growth.

4.      

    There are three basic phases of population growth.

S.No	First Stage	Second Stage	Third Stage
1	Underdeveloped and technologically backward	Developing	Developed
2	Low growth rate	Very high growth rate	Low growth rate
3	High birth rate and high death rate	High birth rate and low death rate	Low birth rate and low death rate
4	People are ignorant, uneducated	Literacy level on increase	literate
5.	Do not know the advantages of family planning	Still in favour of patriarchial society	Know the advantages of family planning and have smaller families
6.	High death rate is because of poor nutrition and health facilities and immunization	Better medical facilities and so disease control so there is population explosion	Good nutrition and health facilities and lower population

Population Explosion :

Reason -

1.      1.  ‘Population explosion’ happens because :

a.  Death rates are brought down relatively quickly through advanced methods of Disease control,Public health and better nutrition.

b.  It takes long time for society to  change its reproductive behaviour which was evolved to suit the time when there was poverty and high death rates and does not change even when prosperity and life span increases.

2.     2.  This kind of transition was affected in Western Europe during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and  India also is going through the same phase.

COMMON CONCEPTS AND INDICATORS

   A.      Birth Rate

The birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 population in a particular area during a specified period.

  

   B.      Death Rate

 Total number of Deaths per 1000 population in a particular area during a specified period

   C.      Growth Rate( rate of natural increase )  

           1.       Growth rate is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

        2.       When this difference is zero (or no difference) then we say that the population has  ‘stabilised’, or has reached the ‘replacement level’

   D.       Replacement level –

It is the rate of growth required for new generations to replace the older ones that are dying out.

   E.       Negative growth rate –

 This  is when  fertility levels are below the replacement rate. Eg. Japan, Russia, Italy and Eastern Europe

   F.       Fertility Rate –

It refers to the number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group, usually taken to be 15 to 49 years.

  G.      Crude Rate –

It is a rough average for an entire population and does not take account of the differences across age-groups

  H.      Total Fertility Rate –

The average number of births to a cohort of women up to the end of the reproductive age period.

                                                                                                                                            I.    The Infant Mortality Rate -

It is the number of deaths of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live births.

   J.       The Maternal Mortality Rate -

1.       It is the number of women who die in childbirth per 1000 live births.

2.      High rates of infant and maternal mortality are clear indicators of backwardness and poverty.

3.       Development leads to sharp falls in these rates as medical facilities and levels of education, awareness and prosperity increase.

   K.      Life Expectancy –

1.        This refers to the estimated number of years that an average person is expected to survive.

2.       It is calculated on the basis of data on age-specific death rates in a given area over a period of time.

   L.      Sex Ratio –

1.       It refers to the number of females per 1000 males in a given area at a specified time period.

2.       There are slightly more females than males in most countries inspite of  the fact that more male babies( 1000) are born than female ones(943-952.

3.       But still the sex ratio is in favour of females, this seems to be due to two reasons.

a.        First, girl babies have more resistance to disease in infancy in comparision to male babies.

b.       Women outlive men in most societies, so that there are more older women than men.

4.       The combination of these two factors leads to a sex ratio of roughly 1050 females per 1000 males in most contexts.

5.       Sex ratio has been declining in some countries like China, South Korea and specially India. This is because of  social norms values males much more than females, which leads to ‘son preference’ and the neglect of girl babies.

   M.     The age structure of the population –

 1.    It refers to the proportion of persons in different age groups relative to the total population.

  2.   The age structure changes with change in  development and the average life expectancy.

 3.   In less developed country poor medical facilities, spread of diseases lead to short life span.

  4.   High infant and maternal mortality rates also change the  age structure.

  5.  With development, quality of life improves and with it the life expectancy also improves and this changes the age structure.

  6.  Relatively smaller proportions of the population are found in the younger age groups and larger proportions in the older age groups. This is also refered to as the aging of the population.

  N.      The dependency ratio –

1.       It ratio of a population which is composed of dependents to the portion that is in the working age group, generally defined as 15 to 64 years.

2.        The dependency ratio is equal to the population below 15 or above 64, divided by population in the 15-64 age group; the ratio is usually expressed as a percentage.

3.       A rising dependency ratio is a cause for worry in countries that are facing an aging population, since it becomes difficult for a relatively smaller proportion of working-age people to carry the burden of providing for a relatively larger proportion of dependents.

4.       A falling dependency ratio can be a source of economic growth and prosperity due to the larger proportion of workers relative to non-workers. This is also called  as the ‘demographic dividend’, or benefit flowing from the changing age structure. But this benefit is temporary because the larger pool of working age people will over the time change into non-working old people.

Size and Growth of India’s Population –

  1.      India is the second most populous country in the world after China, with a total population of 103 crores (or 1.03 billion) according to the Census of 2001.

   2.     The growth rate of India’s population has not always been very high.

   3.      Between 1901-1951 the average annual growth rate did not exceed 1.33.

  4.    Between 1911 and 1921 there was a negative rate of growth of – 0.03%. This was because of the influenza epidemic .

   5.     The growth rate of population substantially increased after independence from British rule going up to 2.2% during 1961-1981.

   6.     Since then although the annual growth rate has decreased it remains one of the highest in the developing world.

   7 .    Demographic transition phase can be seen in case of India also. Before 1931, both death rates and birth rates are high, whereas, after this transitional moment the death rates fall sharply but the birth rate only falls slightly.

   8.    The  reasons for the decline in the death rate after 1921 were increased levels of control over famines and epidemic diseases.

   9.    The major epidemic diseases in the past were fevers of various sorts, plague, smallpox and cholera. But the single biggest epidemic was the influenza epidemic(Spanish Flu) of 1918-19, which killed as many as 125 lakh people, or about 5% of the total population of India at that time.

  10.   Pandemic -A pandemic is an epidemic that affects a very wide geographical area.

  11.   Improvements in medical cures for these diseases, programmes for mass vaccination, and efforts to improve sanitation helped to control epidemics.

  12.   Epidemics like malaria, tuberculosis , diarrhoea , chikungunya and dysenterys continue to kill people even today.

  13.    Famines were also a major and recurring source of increased mortality.

  14.   Famines were caused by high levels of continuing poverty and malnutrition in an agro climatic environment that was very vulnerable to variations in rainfall.

  15.   Scholars like Amartya Sen have shown that famines were not necessarily due to fall in foodgrains production; they were also caused by a ‘failure of entitlements’, or the inability of people to buy or otherwise obtain food.

  16.   Lack of adequate means of transportation and communication as well as inadequate efforts on the part of the state were some of the factors responsible for famines.

  17.   Substantial improvements in the productivity of Indian agriculture and improved means of communication, vigorous relief and preventive measures by the state have all helped to drastically reduce deaths from famine.

  18.   The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is the latest state initiative to tackle the problem of hunger and starvation in rural areas.

  19.   Unlike the death rate, the birth rate has not registered a sharp fall. This is because the birth rate is a socio-cultural phenomenon that is relatively slow to change.

  20.   Increased levels of prosperity lead to reduced birthrate.

  21.   Once infant mortality rates decline, and there is an overall increase in levels of education and awareness, family size begins to fall.

Variations In Fertility Rate :

1.       There are very wide variations in the fertility rates across the states of India.

2.       Some states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have managed to bring down their total fertility rates (TFR) to 2.1 and 1.8 respectively.

3.       Average woman in Tamil Nadu produces only 2.1 children, which is the ‘replacement level’ (required to replace herself and her spouse).

4.       Kerala’s TFR is actually below the replacement level, which means that the population is going to decline in the future.

5.       Many other states (like Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Maharashtra) have fairly low TFRs.

6.       Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, which still have very high TFRs of 4 or more.

Age structure of the population –

  1  .       It means division of population on the basis of age.

  2.       India has a very young population , majority of Indians are young, and the average age is also less than that for most other countries.

  3.       population under 15 age has come down from its highest level of 42% in 1971 to 35% in 2001.

  4.       The share of the 15-60 age group has increased slightly from 53% to 59%, while the share of the 60+ age group is very small but it has begun to increase (from 5% to 7%) over the same period. But the age composition of the Indian population is expected to change significantly in the next two decades. the 0 -14 age group will reduce its share by about 11% (from 34% in 2001 to 23% in 2026) while the 60 plus age group will increase its share by about 5% (from 7% in 2001 to about 12% in 2026.)

  5.       State like Kerala is beginning to acquire an age structure like that of the developed countries.

  6.       Uttar Pradesh has high proportions in the younger age groups and relatively low proportions among the aged.

7.        India as a whole is somewhere in the middle, because it includes states like Uttar Pradesh as well as states that are more like Kerala.

8.       The bias towards younger age groups in the age structure is believed to be an advantage for India. Like the East Asian economies in the past decade and like Ireland today, India is supposed to be benefitting from a ‘demographic dividend’.

9.        This dividend arises from the fact that the current generation of working-age people is a relatively large one, and it has only a relatively small preceding generation of old people to support.

Demographic Advantage to India -

1.       The demographic advantage or ‘dividend’ to be derived from the age structure of the population is due to the fact that India is (and will remain for some time) one of the youngest countries in the world.

2.        One third of India’s population was below 15 years of age in 2000. In 2020, the average Indian will be only 29 years old, compared with an average age of 37 in China and the United States, 45 in Western Europe, and 48 in Japan.

3.       This means large and growing labour force would result in growth and prosperity.

4.        The ‘demographic dividend’ when there is  increase in the proportion of workers in comparision to non-workers in the population.

5.       The working population is between 15 and 64 years of age. This working age group needs to  support itself as well as those outside this age group (i.e., children and elderly people) who are unable to work and are therefore dependents.

6.       Changes in the age structure due to the demographic transition lower the ‘dependency ratio’, or the ratio of non-working age to working-age population, thus creating the potential for generating growth.

7.       But this potential can be converted into actual growth only if the rise in the working age group is accompanied by increasing levels of education and employment.

8.       If the new working population are not educated then their productivity remains low. If they remain unemployed, then they are unable to earn at all and become dependents rather than earners.

9.        Thus, changing age structure would benefit only by  planned development.

10.    Under employment/unemployment -The difference between the ratio of the non-working age to working-age population, and ratio of nonworkers to workers gives the extent of unemployment or under employment.

11.    India is presently having demographic dividend. The total dependency ratio fell from 79 in 1970 to 64 in 2005 and the age-based dependency ratio would fall to 48 in 2025 because of continued fall in the propotion of children and then rise to 50 by 2050 because of an increase in the proportion of the aged.

12.    To get the benefit of demographic dividend, employment has to be provided.

13.    Data from the National Sample Survey studies of 1999-2000 and from the 2001 Census of India show fall in the rate of employment both in rural and urban areas.

14.    So the advantage of young labour force would not benefit India .

THE DECLINING SEX-RATIO IN INDIA –

1.       The sex ratio helps to understand gender balance in the population.

2.       The sex ratio has been slightly in favour of females, that is, the number of females per 1000 males has generally been somewhat higher than 1000.

3.       But  India sex-ratio in india  is declining.

4.       There were 972 females per 1000 males in the beginning of the twentieth century, and in the beginning of 21 century there are 933 for 1000 males.

5.       From 941 in 1961 the sex ratio had fallen to 927 in 1991 with slight increase in 2001.

6.       But drastic fall in the child sex ratio is a matter of concern.The sex ratio for the 0 - 6 years age group (known as the juvenile or child sex ratio) has been falling very sharply

7.       Six states and union territories have a child sex ratio of under 900 females per 1000 males. Punjab has very very low child sex ratio of 793 (the only state below 800), followed by Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh.

8.       Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are all under 925, while Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Orissa are above the national average of 927 but below the 950 mark. Even Kerala, has 963, while the highest child sex ratio of 986 is found in Sikkim.

9.       Reasons for the decline in the sex ratio in India.

a.       Increased risk of death in childbirth that only women face.Maternal mortality are considered to decline with development, as levels of nutrition, general  education and awareness as well as the availability of medical and communication facilities would improve.

b.       Maternal mortality rates have been coming down in India but they remain high by international standards. So maternal mortality can not be held responsible worsening of the sex ratio over time.

c.        Decline in the child sex ratios has been much more than the maternal mortality so it is considered that differential treatment of girl babies is the cause..

d.       Several factors may be held responsible for the decline in the child sex ratio including –

                                                               i.      severe neglect of girl babies in infancy, leading to higher death rates.

                                                             ii.      sex specific abortions that prevent girl babies from being born; and female infanticide (or the killing of girl babies due to religious or cultural beliefs).

                                                           iii.      Practices of female infanticide due to modern medical techniques by which the sex of the baby can be determined in the very early stages of pregnancy.

                                                           iv.      The availability of the sonogram (an x-ray like diagnostic device based on ultra-sound technology), which was developed to identify genetic or other disorders in the foetus, is used in india to  selectively abort female foetuses.

The regional pattern of low child sex ratios  -

    1.       The lowest child sex ratios are found in the most prosperous regions of India. Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat and Maharashtra and these are among the richest states of India in terms of per capita incomes, and they are also the states with the lowest child sex ratios.

2.        So the problem of selective abortions is not due to poverty or ignorance or lack of resources.

3.       For example, if practices like dowry mean that parents have to make large dowry payments to marry off their daughters, then prosperous parents would be the ones most able to afford this. However, we find the sex ratio is lowest in the most prosperous regions.

4.       As economically prosperous families have fewer children so there might be a chance that they choose the sex of their child.

5.       This becomes possible with the availablity of ultra-sound technology.

6.       The government has passed strict laws banning this practice and imposing heavy fines and imprisonment as punishment.

7.       Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, this law has been in force since 1996, and has been further strengthened in 2003

 LITERACY

     1.       Literacy helps in  empowerment.

2.       The more literate the population the greater the consciousness of career options, as well as participation in the knowledge economy.

3.       Further, literacy improves health and improves economic well being of the community.

4.        Literacy levels have improved considerably after independence, and almost two-thirds of our population is now literate.

5.       Literacy varies considerably across gender, across regions, and across social groups.

6.       The literacy rate for women is almost 22% less than the literacy rate for men.

7.       However, female literacy has been rising faster than male literacy, partly because it started from relatively low levels.

8.       Thus, female literacy rose by almost 15% between 1991 and 2001 compared to the rise in male literacy of a little less than 12% in the same period.

9.       Literacy rates also vary by social group – historically disadvantaged communities like the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have lower rates of literacy, and rates of female literacy within these groups are even lower.

10.    There are also Regional variations with states like Kerala approaching universal literacy, while states like Bihar are lagging far behind.

11.    The inequalities in the literacy rate are specially important because they lead to inequality across generations.

12.    Illiterate parents are at a severe disadvantage in ensuring that their children are well educated, thus perpetuating existing inequalities.

RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCES

     1.       Major  population of India has always lived in the rural areas

2.       The 2001 Census found that 72% of our population still lives in villages, while 28% is living in cities and towns.

3.       But the urban population has been increasing its share steadily, from about 11% at the beginning of the twentieth century to about 28% at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

a.       With  modern development ,the economic and social significance of the agrarian-rural way of life is declining when compared to the industrial-urban way of life.

b.       Agriculture used to be the largest contributor to the country’s total economic production, but today it only contributes about one-fourth of the gross domestic product.

c.        While the majority of our people live in the rural areas and make their living out of agriculture, but the economic value of what they produce has fallen drastically.

d.       Moreover, more and more people who live in villages may no longer work in agriculture or even in the village.

e.        Rural people are increasingly engaged in non-farm rural occupations like transport services, business enterprises or craft manufacturing.

f.         If they live close to the city then they may travel daily to the nearest urban centre to work while continuing to live in the village.

g.       Mass media and communication channels are helping the rural people to know about urban life styles and patterns of consumption .

h.       This is creating new desires and aspirations for consumption in rural people.

i.         Mass transit and mass communication are bridging the gap between the rural and urban areas.

j.         Those who cannot find work (or sufficient work) in the rural areas go to the city in search of work.

k.       This flow of rural-to-urban migration has increased dueto decline of common property resources like ponds, forests and grazing lands.

l.         These common resources enabled poor people to survive in the villages although they owned little or no land.

m.     Now, these resources have been turned into private property, or they are exhausted. (Ponds may run dry or no longer provide enough fish; forests may have been cut down and have vanished…)

n.       If people no longer have access to these resources, but on the other hand have to buy many things in the market that they used to get free (like fuel, fodder or supplementary food items), then their hardship increases.

o.       This hardship is worsened by the fact that opportunities for earning cash income are limited in the villages.

p.       City is also preferred for social reasons, specially because it gives relative anonymity.

q.       For the socially oppressed groups like the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, it gives protection from the daily humiliation they may suffer in the village where everyone knows their caste identity.

r.         The anonymity of the city also allows the poorer sections of the socially dominant rural groups can do low status work that they would not be able to do in the village.

s.         All these reasons make the city an attractive destination for the villagers. While urbanisation has been occurring at a rapid pace, it is the biggest cities – the metropolises – that have been growing the fastest. More than two-thirds of the urban population lives in 27 big cities with million-plus populations.

t.         Larger cities in India are growing at such a rapid rate that the urban infrastructure is not able to keep pace with it.

POPULATION POLICY IN INDIA  -

1.       India has had an official population policy for more than a half century.

2.       India was the first country to announce such a policy in 1952.

3.       The population policy took the concrete form of the National Family Planning Programme.

4.       The broad objectives of this programme have remained the same – to try to slow down the rate of population growth through the promotion of various birth control methods, improve public health standards, and increase public awareness about population and health issues.

5.       The Family Planning Programme suffered a setback during the years of the National Emergency (1975-76). Normal parliamentary and legal procedures were suspended during this time and special laws and ordinances issued directly by the government (without being passed by Parliament) were in force. During this time the government tried to intensify the effort to bring down the growth  rate of population by introducing a coercive programme of mass sterilization(like vasectomy (for men) and tubectomy (for women) )which prevent conception and childbirth.

6.       Vast numbers of mostly poor and powerless people were forcibly sterilized and there was massive pressure on lower level government officials (like schoolteachers or office workers) to bring people for sterilisation in the camps that were organised for this purpose.

7.        There was widespread popular opposition to this programme, and the new government elected after the Emergency abandoned it.

8.       The National Family Planning Programme was renamed as the National Family Welfare Programme after the Emergency, and coercive methods were no longer used.

9.        A new set of guidelines were formulated as part of the National Population Policy of the year 2000.            

10.    The history of India’s National Family Welfare Programme teaches us that while the state can do a lot to try and create the conditions for demographic change, most demographic variables (specially those related to human fertility) are ultimately matters of economic, social and cultural change.

India’s Demographic Achievement

After 50 years of making ,India has:

1.       Reduced crude birth rate from 40.8 (1951) to 24.1 (2004, SRS).

2.        Reduced the infant mortality rate from 146 per 1000 live births (1951) to 58 per 1000 live births(2004, SRS).

3.        Quadrupled the couple protection rate from 10.4 percent (1971) to 44 percent (1999).

4.       Reduced crude death rate from 25 to 7.5 (2004, SRS).

5.        life expectancy increased from 37 years to 62 years.

6.       Achieved nearly universal awareness of the need for and methods of family planning, and halved the total fertility rate from 6.0 (1951) to 3.0 (2004, SRS).

 National Socio-Demographic Goals for 2010 –

1.       Address the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services, supplies and infrastructure.

2.       Make school education up to age 14 free and compulsory, and reduce drop outs at primary and secondary school levels to below 20 per cent for both boys and girls.

3.        Reduce infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births.

  

4.       Reduce maternal mortality ratio to below 100 per 100,000 live births.

5.       Achieve universal immunisation of children against all vaccine preventable diseases.

6.        Promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier than age 18 and preferably after 20 years of age.

7.       Achieve 80 percent institutional deliveries and 100 per cent deliveries by trained persons.

8.       Achieve universal access to information/counselling, and services for fertility regulation and contraception with a wide basket of choices

9.       Achieve 100 per cent registration of births, deaths, marriage andpregnancy.

10.    Contain the spread of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and promote greater integration between the management of reproductive tract infections (RTI) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) and the National AIDS Control Organisation.  

11.    Prevent and control communicable diseases.

12.     Integrate Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) in the provision of reproductive and child health services, and in reaching out to households. 

13.    Promote vigorously the small family norm to achieve replacement levels of TFR

14.    Bring about convergence in implementation of related social sector programmes so that family welfare becomes a people centred programme

Reasons For Regional Variations Of Population Growth  

1.Socio cultural formation and literacy are different in each states of India.

2.There is a group of people who still think that by having more number of children they might jump in the row of majority and fulfill their political aspirations.

3.Prejudices and stereotypes – girl child

4.Variations in land forms- Assam and Arunachal Pradesh being hilly have lower population growth as compared to Uttar Pradesh also Ladakh

5.Peace and Security  –Regions affected by terrorism have low population

6.Education Level – Kerala

Lack of awareness

Some Important Fill in the blanks

1.The Americal census of 1790 was the first modern census. 

2.In India ten tearly or decennial census has been conducted since 1881. 

3. Malthu’s theory of population growth is outlined in his essay on population 

4.The demographic dividend is known as a falling dependency ratio that can be a source of economic growth and prosperity due to larger portion of workers relative to non workers. 

5.The single biggest epidemic was the influenza epidemic of 1918 – 1919 which killed as many as 125 lakh people and is known as Spanish Flu. 

6.States which have reached replacement level – Kerala, Tamil Nadu,Jammu and Kashmir,Punjab,Manipur,Nagaland. 

7. States which still have high rates of population growth – Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh